Selected Reading

AAP. The child with suspected anthrax exposure or infection. American Academy of Pediatrics, Dec 20, 2001

Abboud N, Casadevall A. Immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domains and efficacy of elicited antibody responses depend on host genetic background. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Jul;15(7):1115-23

Abboud N, Casadevall A. The immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domains and the efficacy of elicited antibody responses depend on host genetic background. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 (published online May 14)

Abergel RJ, Wilson MK, Arceneaux JEL, et al. Anthrax pathogen evades the mammalian immune system through stealth siderophore production. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006 (published online Nov 28)

Abramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya OV. Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993;90:2291-4

ACOG. Advisory to physicians on anthrax treatment of pregnant women

Agrawal A, Lingappa J, Leppa SH, et al. Impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by anthrax lethal toxin. (Letter) Nature 2003 Jul 17;424(6946):329-34

Akoachere M, Squires RC, Nour AM, et al. Identification of an in vivo inhibitor of Bacillus anthracis spore germination. J Biol Chem 2007 Apr 20;282(16):12112-8

Albrecht MT, Li H, Williamson ED, et al. Human monoclonal antibodies against anthrax lethal factor and protective antigen act independently to protect against Bacillus anthracis infection and enhance endogenous immunity to anthrax. Infect Immun 2007 Nov;75(11):5425-33

Allen JS, Skowera A, Rubin GJ, et al. Long-lasting T cell responses to biological warfare vaccines in human vaccinees. Clin Infect Dis 2006 Jul 1;43(1):1-7

Amadi S, Dutz W, Kohout E, et al. Human anthrax in Iran: Report of 300 cases and review of the literature. Tropenmed Parasitol 1974;25(1):96-104

Ambrose PG, Forrest A, Craig WA, et al. Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of gatifloxacin in a lethal murine Bacillus anthracis inhalation infection model. Antimcrob Agents Chemother 2007 Dec;51(12):4351-5

Artenstein AW, Opal SM, Cristofaro P, et al. Chloroquine enhances survival in Bacillus anthracis intoxication. J Infect Dis 2004 Nov 1;190(9):1655-60

Aulinger BA, Roehrl MH, Mekalanos JJ, et al. Combining anthrax vaccine and therapy: a dominant-negative inhibitor of anthrax toxin is also a potent and safe immunogen for vaccines. Infect Immun 2005 Jun 1;73(6):3408-14

Baccam P, Boechler M. Public health response to an anthrax attack: an evaluation of vaccination policy options. Biosecur Bioterror 2007 Apr;5(1):26-34

Backer MV, Patel V, Jehning BT, et al. Inhibition of anthrax protective antigen outside and inside the cell. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Jan;51(1):245-51

Baggett HC, Rhodes J, Fridkin SK, et al. No evidence of a mild form of inhalational Bacillus anthracis infection during a bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax outbreak in Washington, D.C., in 2001. Clin Infect Dis 2005 Oct 1;41(7):991-7

Barakat LA, Quentzel, HL, Jernigan JA, et al, for the Anthrax Bioterrorism Investigation Team. Fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old Connecticut woman. JAMA 2002;2287:863-7

Barrow EW, Dreier J, Reinelt S, et al. In vitro efficacy of new antifolates against trimethoprim-resistant Bacillus anthracis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Dec;51(12):4447-52

Beecher DJ. Forensic application of microbiological culture analysis to identify mail intentionally contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006 Aug;72(8):5304-10

Begier EM, Barrett NL, Mshar PA, et al. Gram-positive surveillance for early anthrax detection. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Sep;11(9)

Bell DM, Kozarsky PE, Stephens DS. Clinical issues in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8(2):222-5

Belongia EA, Kieke B, Lynfield R, et al. Demand for prophylaxis after anthrax outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 Jan;11(1):42-7

Bergman NH, Anderson EC, Swenson EE, et al. Transcriptional profiling of Bacillus anthracis during infection of host macrophages. Infect Immun 2007 Jul;75(7):3434-44

Bielinska AU, Janczak KW, Landers JJ, et al. Mucosal immunization with a novel nanoemulsion-based recombinant anthrax protective antigen vaccine protects against Bacillus anthracis spore challenge. Infect Immun 2007 Aug;75(8):4020-9

Bienek DR, Biagnini RE, Charlton DG, et al. Rapid point-of-care test to detect broad ranges of protective antigen-specific immunoglobulin G concentrations in recipients of the US-licensed anthrax vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Apr;15(4):644-9

Bienek DR, Chang CK, Cohen ME. Detection of anti-protective antigen salivary IgG antibodies in recipients of the US licensed anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 2007 Aug 10;25(32):5978-84

BioPort Corporation. Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (Biothrax)

Bischof TS, Hahn BL, Sohnle PG. Characteristics of spore germination in a mouse model of cutaneous anthrax. J Infect Dis 2007 Mar 15;195(6):888-94

Black DG, Taylor TM, Kerr HJ, et al. Decontamination of fluid milk containing Bacillus spores using commercial household products. J Food Prot 2008 Mar;71(3):473-8

Blank S, Moskin LC, Zucker JR. An ounce of prevention is a ton of work: mass antibiotic prophylaxis for anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):615-22

Borio L, Frank D, Mani V, et al Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of 2 patients. JAMA 2001:286(20):2554-9

Borio LL, Gronvall GK. Anthrax countermeasures: current status and future needs. Biosec Bioterr 2005 Jun;3(2)

Bozue J, Moody KL, Cote CK, et al. Bacillus anthracis spores of the bclA mutant exhibit increased adherence to epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells but not to macrophages. Infect Immun 2007 Sep;75(9):4498-505

Brachman PS, Gold H, Plotkin SA, et al. Field evaluation of a human anthrax vaccine. Am J Public Health 1962;52:432-445

Bradley KA, Mogridge J, Mourez M, et al. Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin. Nature 2001 Nov 8;414(6860):225-9

Bravata DM, Holty JEC, Wang E, et al. Inhalational, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous anthrax in children. Arch Ped Adolesc Med 2007 Sep;161(9):896-905

Bravata DM, Wang E, Holty JE, et al. Pediatric anthrax: implications for bioterrorism preparedness. Prepared by Stanford University-UCSF Evidence-based Practice Center for AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). Aug 2006

Brookmeyer R, Blades N, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics 2001 Jun;2(2):233-47

Brookmeyer R, Blades N. Prevention of inhalational anthrax in the US outbreak. Science 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1861

Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Bollinger R. Modeling the optimum duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in an anthrax outbreak. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003 Aug 19;100(17):10129-32

Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Bollinger R. Public health vaccination policies for containing an anthrax outbreak. Nature 2004 Dec 16;432(7019):901-4

Brooks KL, Dauenhauer SA. The anthrax team: a novel teaching approach to increase anthrax and bioterrorism awareness. Am J Infect Control 2003 May;31(3):176-7

Brossier F, Levy M, Mock M. Anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy. Infect Immun 2002;70(2):661-4

Buckeridge DL, Owens DK, Paul Switzer P, et al. Evaluating detection of an inhalational anthrax outbreak. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Dec;12(12) (published online Nov 6)

Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, et al. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001;345(22):1607-10

Butler JC, Cohen ML, Friedman CR, et al. Collaboration between public health and law enforcement: new paradigms and partnerships for bioterrosim planning and response. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1152-6

Cataldi A, Mock M, Bentancor L. Characterization of Bacillus anthracis strains used for vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2000 Apr;88(4):648-54

Cavallo JD, Ramisse F, Girardet M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of Bacillus anthracis isolated in France between 1994 and 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Jul;46(7):2307-9

CDC. Additional options for preventive treatment for persons exposed to inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(50):1142

CDC. Adverse events associated with anthrax prophylaxis among postal employees?New Jersey, New York City, and the District of Columbia metropolitan area, 2001. MMWR 2001:50(47):1051-4

CDC. Anthrax Q & A: Anthrax and Animal Hides

CDC. Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management—United States, 1998. MMWR 1999;48(4)69-74

CDC. Comprehensive procedures for collecting environmental samples for culturing Bacillus anthracis. Apr 2002

CDC. Considerations for distinguishing influenza-like illness from inhalational anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(44):984-6

CDC. Cross-contamination of clinical specimens with Bacillus anthracis during a laboratory proficiency test--Idaho, 2006. MMWR 2008 Sep 12;57(36);993-5

CDC. Cutaneous anthrax associated with drum making using goat hides from West Africa--Connecticut, 2007. MMWR 2008 Jun 13;57(23):628-31

CDC. Cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker - Texas, 2002. MMWR 2002 Jun 7;51(22)482

CDC. Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis contamination inside the Brentwood mail processing and distribution center?District of Columbia, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(50):1129-33

CDC. Follow-up of deaths among US Postal Service workers potentially exposed to Bacillus anthracis: District of Columbia, 2001-2002. MMWR 2003 Oct 3;52(39):937-8

CDC. Hand-held immunoassays for detection of Bacillus anthracis. Oct 18, 2001

CDC. Inadvertent laboratory exposure to Bacillus anthracis: California, 2004. MMWR 2005 Apr 1;54(12):301-4

CDC. Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides: Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006. MMWR 2006 Mar 17;55(10):280-2

CDC. Interim recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for children and breastfeeding mothers and treatment of children with anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(45):1014-6

CDC. Interim recommendations for firefighters and other first responders for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents

CDC. Investigation of anthrax associated with intentional exposure and interim public health guidelines, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(41):889-93

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001;50(43);941-8

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001. MMWR 2001;50(42)909-19

CDC. Investigation of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax--Connecticut, 2001. MMWR 2001;50(47):1049-51

CDC. Responding to detection of aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by autonomous detection systems in the workplace. MMWR 2004 Jun 4;53(RR07):1-12

CDC. Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination?US Department of Defense, 1998-2000, MMWR 2000;49(16):341-5

CDC. Suspected cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker?Texas, 2002. MMWR 2002(Apr 5);51(13):279-81

CDC. Update on possible anthrax exposure in Department of Defense mail facility. From Health Alert Network. Mar 16, 2005

CDC. Updated recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis among asymptomatic pregnant women after exposure to Bacillus anthracis. MMWR 2001;50(43):960

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2002 Nov 15;51(45):1024-6

CDC. Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 2000;40(RR15):1-20

CDC. Use of ciprofloxacin or doxycycline for postexposure prophylaxis for prevention of inhalational anthrax (Health Advisory 10/31/01)

CDC. Use of onsite technologies for rapidly assessing environmental Bacillus anthracis contamination on surfaces in buildings. MMWR 2001;50(48):1087

CDC/ASM/APHL. Basic diagnostic testing protocols for level A laboratories for the presumptive identification of Bacillus anthracis. Mar 18, 2002

CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research). How to prepare emergency dosages of doxycycline at home for infants and children. Apr 25, 2003

Chakrabarty K, Wu W, Booth JL, et al. Human lung innate immune response to Bacillus anthracis spore infection. Infect Immun 2007 Aug;75(8):3729-38

Chess C, Calis J, O'Neill KM. Communication triage: an anthrax case study. Biosecur Bioterr 2004;2(2):106

Chess C, Clarke L. Facilitation of risk communication during the anthrax attacks of 2001: the organizational backstory. Am J Public Health 2007 Sep 1;97(9):1578-83

Chichester JA, Musiychuk K, de la Rosa P, et al. Immunogenicity of a subunit vaccine against Bacillus anthracis. Vaccine 2007 Apr 20;25(16):3111-4

Chitlaru T, Gat O, Grosfeld H, et al. Identification of in vivo-expressed immunogenic proteins by serological proteome analysis of the Bacillus anthracis secretome. Infect Immun 2007 Jun;75(6):2841-52

Clarke TL, Rotarius T, Liberman A, et al. Responding to a bioterrorism attack - one scenario: part 1. Health Care Manag (Frederick) 2008 Jul/Sep;27(3):192-211

Coker PR, Smith KL, Fellows PF, et al. Bacillus anthracis virulence in guinea pigs vaccinated with anthrax vaccine adsorbed is linked to plasmid quantities and clonality. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Mar;41(3):1212-8

Coker PR, Smith KL, Hugh-Jones ME. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of diverse Bacillus anthracis isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002 Dec;46(12):3843-5

Coleman ME, Thran B, Morse SS, et al. Inhalation anthrax: dose response and risk analysis. Biosecur Bioterror 2008 Jun;6(2):147-60

Comer JE, Chopra AK, Peterson JW, et al. Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo. Infect Immun 2005 Dec;73(12):8275-81

Cowan GJ, Atkins HS, Johnson LK, et al. Immunisation with anthrolysin O or a genetic toxoid protects against challenge with the toxin but not against Bacillus anthracis. Vaccine 2007 Oct 10;25(41):7197-205

Cui X, Li Y, Laird MW, et al. Bacillus anthracis edema and lethal toxin have different hemodynamic effects but function together to worsen shock and outcome in a rat model. J Infect Dis 2007 Feb 15;195(4):572-80

Cullamar EK, Lutwick LI. Inhalational anthrax. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2002 Jun;4(3):238-43

Cunha BA. Anthrax, tularemia, plague, ebola or smallpox as agents of bioterrorism: recognition in the emergency room. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002 Aug 8(8):489-503

Cymet TC, Kerkvliet GJ, Tan JH, et al. Symptoms associated with anthrax exposure: suspected 'aborted' anthrax. J Am Osteopathic Assoc 2002;102(1):41-3

Dang O, Navarro L, Anderson K, et al. Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 by lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2004 Jan 15;172:747-51

Dauphin LA, Newton BR, Rasmussen MV, et al. Gamma irradiation can be used to inactivate Bacillus anthracis spores without compromising the sensitivity of diagnostic assays. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008 Jul;74(14):4427-33

De BK, Bragg SSL, Sanden GN, et al. A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1060-5

Dewan PK, Fry AM, Laserson K, et al. Inhalational anthrax outbreak among postal workers, Washington, DC, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1066-72

Dib EG, Dib SA, Korkmaz DA, et al. Nonhemolytic, nonmotile gram-positive rods indicative of Bacillus anthracis. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Aug;9(8):1013-5

Doganay M, Almac A, Hanagasi R. Primary throat anthrax: a report of six cases. Scand J Infect Dis 1986;18:415-9

Doolan DL, Freilich DA, Brice GT, et al. The US Capitol bioterrorism anthrax exposures: clinical epidemiological and immunological characteristics. J Infect Dis 2007 Jan 15;195(2):174-84

Drysdale M, Olson G, Koehler TM, et al. Murine innate immune response to virulent toxigenic and nontoxigenic Bacillus anthracis strains. Infect Immun 2007 Apr;75(4):1757-64

DuBois AB, Freytag LC, Clements JD. Evaluation of combinatorial vaccines against anthrax and plague in a murine model. Vaccine 2007 Jun 11;25(24):4747-54

Dull PM, Wilson KE, Kournikakis B, et al. Bacillus anthracis aerosolization associated with a contaminated mail sorting machine. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1044-7

Enstone JE, Wale MC, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, et al. Adverse medical events in British service personnel following anthrax vaccination. Vaccine 2003 Mar 28;21(13-14):1348-54

Erickson MC, Kornacki JL. Bacillus anthracis: current knowledge in relation to contamination of food. J Food Prot 2003 Apr;66(4):691-9

Fasanella A, Losito S, Adone R, et al. PCR assay to detect Bacillus anthracis spores in heat-treated specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Feb;41(2):896-9

Fasanella A, Palazzo L, Petrella A, et al. Anthrax in red deer (Cervus elaphus), Italy. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Jul;13(7) (published online May 22)

FDA. Authorization of emergency use of anthrax vaccine. Issued Jan 31, 2005

FDA. FDA clears lab culture test for anthrax. (Test is Redline Alert) Dec 9, 2003

FDA. FDA issues final rule and final order regarding safety and efficacy of certain licensed biological products including anthrax vaccine. Dec 30, 2003

Fennelly KP, Davidow AL, Miller SL, et al. Airborne infection with Bacillus anthracis--from mills to mail. (Perspective) Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Jun;10(6):996-1001

Fine AM, Wong JB, Fraser HS, et al. Is it influenza or anthrax? A decision analytic approach to the treatment of patients with influenza-like illnesses. Ann Emerg Med 2004 Mar;43(3):318-28

Forino M, Johnson S, Wong TY, et al. Efficient synthetic inhibitors of anthrax lethal factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005 (published online Jun 27)

Fowler RA, Sanders GD, Bravata DM, et al. Cost-effectiveness of definding against bioterrorism: a comparison of vaccination and antibiotic prophylaxis against anthrax. Ann Intern Med 2005 Apr 19;142(8):601-10

Fox A, Stewart GC, Waler LN, et al. Carbohydrates and glycoproteins of Bacillus anthracis and related bacilli: targets for biodetection. J Microbiol Methods 2003 Aug;54(2):143-52

Friedlander AM, Pittman PR, Parker GW. Anthrax vaccine: evidence for safety and efficacy against inhalational anthrax. JAMA 1999;282(22):2104-6

Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt ML, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax. J Infect Dis 1993 May;167(5):1239-43

Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Chap 22. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Friedlander AM. Clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of anthrax. J Appl Microbiol 1999;87:303

GAO (General Accounting Office) Better guidance is needed to improve communication should anthrax contamination occur in the future. GAO-03-316. Apr 2003

GAO (General Accounting Office). Public health response to anthrax incidents of 2001. Report to the Honorable Bill Frist, majority leader, U.S. Senate. GAO-04-152. Oct 15, 2003

GAO (Government Accountability Office). U.S. Postal Service: Better guidance is needed to ensure an appropriate response to anthrax contamination. GAO-04-239. Sep 2004

GAO (US Government Accountability Office). Project Bioshield: actions needed to avoid repeating past problems with procuring new anthrax vaccine and managing the stockpile of licensed vaccine. GAO-08-88. Oct 23, 2007

GAO. Anthrax detection: agencies need to validate sampling activities in order to increase confidence in negative results. GAO-05-493T. Apr 5, 2005

Gerberding JL, Hughes JM, Koplan JP. Bioterrorism preparedness and response: clinicians and public health agencies as essential partners. JAMA (Editorial) 2002;287:898-900

Gierczynski R, Zasada AA, Raddadi N, et al. Specific Bacillus anthracis identification by a plcR-targeted restriction site insertion-PCR (RSI-PCR) assay. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007 (published online May 8)

Gilsdorf JR. Jet-black eschar. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Aug;8(8)

Giorno R, Bozue J, Cote C, et al. Morphogenesis of the Bacillus anthracis spore. J Bacteriol 2007 Feb;189(3):691-705

Glomski IJ, Piris-Gimenez A, Huerre M, et al. Primary involvement of pharynx and Peyer's patch in inhalational and intestinal anthrax. PLoS Pathog 2007 Jun 1;3(6):e76

Godyn JJ, Dotsey B. Prevalence of presumptive Bacillus anthracis in the human population examined by nasal swabs. Am J Infect Control 2004 Oct;32(6):355-7

Gold H. Anthrax: A report of one hundred seventeen cases. Arch Intern Med 1955;96:387-96

Gold JA, Hoshino Y, Hoshino S, et al. Exogenous gamma and alpha/beta interferon rescues human macrophages from cell death induced by Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 2004 Mar;72(3):1291-7

Gold JA, Hoshino Y, Jones MB, et al. Exogenous interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma increase lethality of murine inhalational anthrax. PLoS ONE 2007 Aug;2(8):e736 (published online Aug 15)

Goldman DL, Zeng WY, Rivera J, et al. Human serum contains a protease that protects against cytotoxic activity of Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin in vitro. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2008 Jun;15(6):970-3

Grabenstein JD. Countering anthrax: vaccines and immunoglobulins. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Dec 15;45(12) (published online Nov 7)

Greene CM, Reefhuis J, Tan, C, et al. Epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, New Jersey, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1048-55

Griffith DS, Mead P, Armstrong GL, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax in an elderly woman, Connecticut, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun;9(6):681-8

Grunow R, Porsch-Ozcurumez M, Splettstoesser W, et al. Monitoring of ELISA-reactive antibodies against anthrax protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and toxin-neutralising antibodies in serum of individuals vaccinated against anthrax with the PA-based UK anthrax vaccine. Vaccine 2007 May 4;25(18):3679-83

Gu M, Hine PM, Jackson WJ, et al. Increased potency of Biothrax(R) anthrax vaccine with the addition of the C-class CpG oligonucleotide adjuvant CPG 10109. Vaccine 2007 Jan 5;25(3):526-34

Gubbins MJ, Schmidt L, Tsang RS, et al. Development of a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to identify epitope specific antibodies in recipients of the US licensed anthrax vaccine. Immunoassay Immunochem 2007 Jul;28(3)213-25

Gupta M, Alam S, Bhatnagar R. Catalytically inactive anthrax toxins(s) are potential prophylactic agents. Vaccine 2007 Dec 5;25(50):8410-9

Gursky E, Inglesby TV, O'Toole T. Anthrax 2001: observations on the medical and public health response. Biosecurity Bioterrorism 2003;1(2):97-110

Hadjifrangiskou M, Chen Y, Koehler TM. The alternative sigma factor sigma H is required for toxin gene expression by Bacillus anthracis. J Bacteriol 2007 Mar;189(5):1874-83

Hadler JL. Learning from the 2001 anthrax attacks: immunological characteristics. J Infect Dis 2007 Jan 15;195(2):163-4

Halverson KM, Panchal RG, Nguyen TL, et al. Anthrax biosensor: protective antigen ion channel asymmetric blockade. J Biol Chem 2005 (published online Aug 8)

Hanna P. Anthrax pathogenesis and host response. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998;225:13-3

Hanson JF, Taft SC, Weiss AA. Neutralizing antibodies and persistence of immunity following anthrax vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006 Feb;13(2):208-13

Hartley HA, Baeumner AJ. Biosensor for the specific detection of a single viable B anthracis sport. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003 Jun;376(3):319-27

Hashimoto M, Boyer JL, Hackett NR, et al. Induction of protective immunity to anthrax lethal toxin with a nonhuman primar adenovirus-based vaccine in the presence of preexisting anti-human adenovirus immunity. Infect Immunol 2005 Oct 1;73(10):6885-91

Heine HS, Bassett J, Miller L, et al. Efficacy of oritavancin in a murine model of Bacillus anthracis spore inhalation anthrax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008 Sep;52(9):3350-7

Heller MB, Bunning ML, France MEB, et al. Laboratory response to anthrax bioterrorism, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1096-1102

Heninger S, Drysdale M, Lovchik J, et al. Toxin-deficient mutants of Bacillus anthracis are lethal in a murine model for pulmonary anthrax. Infect Immun Nov;74(11):6067-74

Hepburn MJ, Dyson EH, Simpson AJ, et al. Immune response to two different dosing schedules of the anthrax vaccine precipitated (AVP) vaccine. Vaccine 2007 Aug 10;25(32):6089-97

Hepler RW, Kelly R, McNeely TB, et al. A recombinant 63-kDa form of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen produced in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides protection in rabbit and primate inhalational challenge models of anthrax infection. Vaccine 2006 Mar 6;24(10):1501-14

Hermanson G, Whitlow V, Parker S, et al. A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004 Sep 14;101(37):13601-6

Higgins JA, Cooper M, Schroeder-Tucker L, et al. A field investigation of Bacillus anthracis contamination of US. Department of Agriculture and other Washington, DC, buildings during the anthrax attack of October 2001.

Hilgren J, Swanson KMJ, Diez-Gonzalez F, et al. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores by liquid biocides in the presence of food residue. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007 Oct;73(20):6370-7

Hoffmaster AR, Fitzgerald CC, Ribot E, et al. Molecular subtyping of Bacillus anthracis and the 2001 bioterrorism-associated anthrax outbreak, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1111-6

Hoffmaster AR, Meyer RF, Bowen MD, et al. Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis. (Letter) Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1078-82

Hoffmaster AR, Ravel J, Rasko DA, et al. Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004 Jun 1;101(22):8449-54

Holty JE, Bravata DM, Liu H, et al. Systematic review: a century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005. Ann Intern Med 2006 Feb 21;144(4):270-80

Holtz TH, Ackelsberg J, Kool JL, et al. Isolated case of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax, New York City, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun 9(6):689-96

Howell JM, Mayer TA, Hanfling D, et al. Screening for inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism: evaluating proposed screening protocols. Clin Infect Dis 2004 Dec 15;39(12):1842-7

Hsu VP, Lukacs SL, Handzel T, et al. Opening a Bacillus anthracis?containing envelope, Capitol Hill, Washington, DC: the public health response. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1039-43

Hughes JM, Gerberding JL. Anthrax bioterrorism: lessons learned and future directions. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1013-4

Hupert N, Bearman GML, Mushlin AI, et al. Accuracy of screening for inhalational anthrax after a bioterrosit attack. Ann Intern Med 2003 Sep 2;139(5 Pt 1):337-45 (See also Sox below)

Hupert N, Chege W, Bearman GML, et al. Antibiotics for anthrax: patient requests and physician prescribing practices during the 2001 New York City attacks. Arch Int Med 2004;164(18):2012-6

Jefferds MD, Laserson K, Fry AM, et al. Adherence to antimicrobial inhalational anthrax prophylaxis among postal workers. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1138-44

Jernigan DB, Raghunathan PL, Bell BP, et al. Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Oct;8(10):1019-28

Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(6)

Jiang G, Joshi SB, Peek LJ, et al. Anthrax vaccine powder formulations for nasal mucosal delivery. J Pharm Sci 2006 Jan;95(1):80-96

Jones MB, Blaser MJ. Detection of a luxS-signaling molecule in Bacillus anthracis. Infect Immun 2003 Jul;71(7):3914-9

Juris SJ, Melnyk RA, Bolcome RE 3rd, et al. Cross-linked forms of the isolated N-terminal domain of the lethal factor are potent inhibitors of anthrax toxin. Infect Immun 2007 Oct;75(10):5052-8

Kadanali A, Tasyaran MA, Kadanali S. Anthrax during pregnancy: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 2003 May 15;36(10):1343-6

Kanafani ZA, Ghossain A, Sharara AI, et al. Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings. 2003 May;9(5):520-5

Kao LM, Bush K, Barnewall R, et al. Pharmacokinetic considerations and efficacy of levofloxacin in an inhalational anthrax (postexposure) rhesus monkey model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006 Nov;50(11):3535-42

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